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Introduction
1. 1. “The growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement.” Explain.
Ans. i. Growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement because:
i. ii. Colonization affected people’s freedom.
ii. iii. The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people of different groups which resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals.
iii. iv. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
The First world war, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
2. “The First World War created a new economic and political situation in India.” Explain
Ans. The implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India were:
Economic Situation
i. It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans. It resulted in raising custom duties and the Introduction of income tax.
ii. Increased prices of essential commodities led to extreme hardships for the common people.
Political Situation
i. Forced recruitment of villagers into armies caused wide spread anger among them.
ii. There was acute food shortage due to failure of crops and influenza epidemic which resulted into death of 12 to 13 million people.
The idea of Satyagraha
3. What is Satyagraha? Explain any four points about Gandhiji’s Satyagraha.
Ans. A novel method of mass agitation based on truth and non-violence is called Satyagraha. It emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It was not a physical force but a pure soul-force based on passive resistance.
Gandhiji’s contribution towards Satyagraha and his idea of satyagraha implied:
i. In a struggle against injustice, if the cause was true, then a Satyagrahi did not need to use physical forces to fight the oppressor.
ii. Without seeking revenge or being aggressive, a Satyagrahi could win the battle of truth through non-violence.
iii. A Satyagrahi should appeal to the conscience of the oppressor, not force him to accept the truth upon through violence
iv. Gandhiji believed that the dharma of non-violence would unite all Indians.
4. Explain three Satyagraha movement organized by Gandhiji in various places.
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements in various places:
i. i. In 1916, Gandhiji inspired the peasants of Champaran (Bihar) to fight against the oppressive plantation system.
ii. ii. In 1917, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha to support the peasants in Kheda (Gujarat) affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, demanding relaxation of revenue collection.
iii. iii. In 1918, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad (Gujarat) amongst cotton mill workers for the reduction of working hours and increasing of wages.
The Rowlatt Act (1919)
5. What was the Rowlatt Act? State its significance.
OR Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act?
Ans: i. Rowlatt Act was an oppressive act hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919 despite the United opposition of the Indian members.
ii. It gave the British Government enormous powers to repress political activities.
iii. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
iv. It was the unjustful law.
6. What was the reaction of Satyagrahis towards the Rowlatt act (1919)?
Ans. The Rowlatt Act affected the National Movement and Indians show their disapproval towards this act in the following ways:
i. Rallies were organized in various cities and towns.
ii. Workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down.
iii. Attack on banks, post offices and railway stations.
7. Give an account of the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
Ans. The infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13 April, 1919.
i. A public meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13th April, 1919 to protest against government's new repressive measures.
ii. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair who were unaware of the Martial law.
iii. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of innocent people.
His objective was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagrahis, a feeling of terror and awe.
8. What was the impact of the Jallianwala Bagh Incident?
The reaction of people immediately after the incident was
i. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings by the crowds in North Indian towns.
ii. The government responded with brutal repression to terrorize people.
iii. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and salute all sahibs.
iv. People were flogged and villages were bombed.
9. 9. Why was the Khilafat movement launched in India? State its importance.
Ans. The Khilafat Movement was launched because
i. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed.
ii. To defend his temporal power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
iii. A young generation of Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, discussed the possibility of a united mass action on the issue with Gandhiji.
iv. At the Calcutta session in 1920, Gandhiji convinced other Congress leaders to support the Khilafat movement in support of Swaraj.
Why Non-Cooperation?
7 10. How could non-cooperation become a movement?
OR Describe the various stages of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans. Gandhiji proposed that the Non-Cooperation movement should unfold in stages.
i. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the British government awarded.
ii. Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts and Legislative Councils, schools and foreign goods.
iii. In case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
iv. Through the summer of 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilizing popular support, for the movement.
v. At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
Differing strands within the movement
The movement in the towns
11. Describe the middle-class participation in the Non-cooperation movement in towns and cities.
Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement was started by the Congress party in January 1921.
i. Initially, this movement started with middle class participation in the cities.
ii. Thousands of students, teachers and lawyers gave up their institutions and profession and joined the movement.
iii. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
12. What were the effects of non-cooperation on the economic front?
Ans. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic.
i. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
ii. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or invest in foreign trade.
iii. As people discarded imported clothes and started to use Indian clothes, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms increased.
13. Why did the non-cooperation movement in the cities gradually slowed down in towns and cities?
i. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people cannot afford to buy it.
ii. Alternative Indian institutions were slow to come up in place of British ones.
iii. Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
Rebellion in the countryside
14. Describe briefly the peasant’s movement in Awadh in the countryside.
Ans. Peasant’s movement in Awadh in countryside are
i. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra as they had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
ii. It was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and a variety of other cesses.
iii. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
15. Describe the participation of tribal peasants of the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Ans. Tribal people participated in the NCM in the following ways:
i. In Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh peasants were led by Alluri Sitarama Raju as they were denied to enter forest and were forced to do beggar for road buildings.
ii. The tribal people waged a militant guerrilla movement against colonial government.
iii. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
Q. Why did tribal peasants of Gudem Hills protest against the colonial government?
Ans. The tribal of Andhra Pradesh waged a militant guerrilla movement against colonial government because-
i. The colonial government had closed large forests areas preventing tribals from entering the forests.
ii. They were not allowed graze their cattle to collect fuel, wood and fruits.
iii. They were forced by colonial government to contribute beggar for road buildings
iv. Their traditional rights such as hurting the animals, residing in forests, etc were denied which affected their livelihood.
16. Discuss the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
i. Alluri Sitaram Raju played a significant role to fight against colonial government supporting non-cooperation movement with the help of tribals.
ii. Raju united the tribals and became their leader due to his special powers such as correct astrological predictions, healing the people and he could survive even bullet shots.
iii. The tribal rebels proclaimed him as the incarnation of God and Raju was inspired by the non-cooperation movement.
iv. He also wanted to abolish monopoly rights of British to produce salt.
v. He inspired the hill people about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi and persuaded them to wear Khadi and give up drinking.
 |
| Ram Charan as Alluri Sitarama Raju in RRR |
Swaraj in the plantations
17. What
was freedom or swaraj meant for plantation workers of Assam? Explain their
participation in Non-Cooperation Movement.
i. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
ii. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they have come but under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, they were not permitted to leave the Tea Gardens without permission.
iii. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers refused to obey their authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
Towards Civil Disobedience
18. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans: Gandhiji called off Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 because
i. The movement became violent. At Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur) a peaceful demonstration in a bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
ii. Gandhiji felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
iii. Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggle and wanted to participate in elections.
19. State the two situations which shaped Indian politics towards late 1920s.
Ans. The two factors that shaped Indian politics in late 1920s are as follows:
i. The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression in which agricultural prices collapsed. It resulted in decreasing exports.
ii. The setting up of the Simon Commission by the Tory Government in Britain to look into the functioning of Constitutional system which had not a single Indian member.
20. Why did Simon Commission visit India? Why did Indians oppose it?Ans. Simon Commission was a statutory commission under the Sir John Simon during Tory Government in Britain.
i. The Simon Commission was set up with an objective to look into the functioning of constitutional set up in India and suggest some changes in response to nationalist movement.
ii. When it arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon.’
iii. All parties including Congress and the Muslim league opposed Simon Commission because the Commission did not have a single Indian member and they were all British.
iv. To win over these demonstrations and opportunities, lord Irwin announced a vague offer of dominion status in October 1924.
21. State the significance of Lahore Session of Congress.
Ans. Significance of Lahore session was:
i. The Lahore Session of Congress was held in December 1929 under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru.
ii. It formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
iii. It was declared that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day.
iv. People were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
The salt march and the civil disobedience movement
Q.
22. Explain briefly the Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Gandhiji.
Ans. Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement because
i. On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent an ultimatum letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands to be fulfilled by 11 march. However, Viceroy Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. Thus, Gandhiji decided to launch the movement.
ii. Another reason was the Salt Law. Gandhiji believed that the tax on salt and the Government monopoly over salt production was the most oppressive measure taken by the British Government. This law had to be removed.
iii. Thus, he broke the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water in Dandi and urged the people to refuse cooperation with the British.
The Salt March marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
23. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in 'salt' a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
i. It is so because salt is consumed by everyone and is regarded as one of the most essential items of food.
ii. By levying tax on salt and establishing monopoly over its production, the communal power revealed the most oppressive face of them.
iii. Gandhiji started his famous Salt March with his trusted 78 followers from the Sabarmati ashram towards Dandi, the coastal town of Gujarat. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over India.
24. Explain in brief the ‘Dandi March’.
Ans. As per the letter, the demands were not fulfilled by Irwin so Gandhji decides to:
i. Mahatma Gandhi starts his famous Dandi March or Salt march on 11th March, 1930 accompanied by 78 of his volunteers.
ii. The march was to cover 240 miles, from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
iii. On 6th April 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement.
25. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
i. The British government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places.
ii. The arrest of Gandhiji and Abdul Gaffar Khan angered the crowds and they started demonstrations in streets facing armoured cars and police firing.
iii. Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations
iv. Due to brutal repression by the British govt. in which peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
26. State the significance of Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Ans. The significance of Gandhi-Irwin Pact are:
i. This pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931.
ii. By this pact, Gandhiji suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and consented to participate in 2nd Round table conference held in London in 1931 whereas the Irwin agreed to release the political prisoners.
iii. After returning India, he found Gaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru in jail. Congress had been declared illegal and series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycott.
27. Whi did Gandhi ji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Ans. Because the negotiations broke down in 2nd round table conference and Gandhi returned disappointed.
(ii) Due to arrest of Gaffar khan and Jawaharlal Nehru.
(iii) The Congress had been declared illegal.
(iv) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
How participants saw the movement
27. Explain the participation of different social groups in Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans.
i. Rich Peasantry Group - The Patidar and Jats demanded reduction in revenue and participated in the boycott program.
ii. Poor peasantry Group -They wanted unpaid rent to be remitted, joined radical movement led by the socialist and communist.
iii. Business Class Group -prominent industrialist like Purshottamdas, G D Birla formed FICCI. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and rupee sterling exchange ratio ont and refused to sell imported goods.
iv. Working Class Group - Nagpur Workers adopted boycott of foreign goods, against low wages and poor working conditions.
v. Women - Participated in the protest marches, tantive manufacturing of salt and boycotted foreign goods.
28. Describe the role of rich peasants in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
i. In the countryside, rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of U.P- were active in the CDM because they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
ii. Rich peasants organized their communities and at times, forced a reluctant member to participate in boycott programmes.
iii. For them the fight for Swaraj was for the relaxation in the revenue system. They were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931.
29. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans. The role of poor peasantry in the CDM was:
i. As the economic depression continued the poor peasants found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. Thus, they joined a variety of radical movements, often led by socialists and communists.
ii. They came in huge numbers to support Gandhiji and his followers. It was because of them that Civil Disobedience Movement could become a Mass movement.
iii. They launched 'no rent' campaign but it was not supported by the Congress. So, the relationship between the poor peasant and Congress remained uncertain.
30. Analyse the role of merchants and the industrialists (business classes) in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans. The role of business class in the CDM was:
i. They became powerful in the society and wanted to expand their business. So, they started opposing colonial policies that restricted their business. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
ii. The industrialists criticised colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement at its first stage. Most industrialists thought 'Swaraj' as a time when colonial restriction did not exist on business world. As a result, trade and business would flourish without constraints.
iii. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
31. “The relationship between the poor peasantry and the Congress remained uncertain during the Civil disobedience movement.” Explain.
i. As the Depression continued and cash income dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted.
ii. For this they joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.
iii. Congress was apprehensive of raising these issues as they might upset the rich peasants and landlords. So, they were unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places.
Q. "The Congress was reluctant to include workers' demands as part of its programme of struggle." Analyse the statement.
Ans. The reasons are as follows:
(i) It would have alienated the industrialists and divided the anti-imperialist forces.
(ii) The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movements in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
(iii) As the industrialist came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.
32. How did the women participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
i.
Large scale women participated actively in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
ii. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
ii. They got moved by Gandhiji’s call and began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
iii. Their public role brought a radical change in the society.
33. What was the role of industrial working class in civil disobedience movement?
i. Some workers did participate in the CDM, selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian Programme like boycott off foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions
ii. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in1932. In 1930 thousands of workers in Chhota Nagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaign.
iii. But Congress was reluctant to include worker’s demands as part of its programme of struggle. It felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti- imperial forces.
The limits of civil disobedience
34. What were the limitations of civil disobedience movement?
i. Dalit’s participation in the civil disobedience movement was very limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organization was very strong.
ii. After the decline of Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the congress and were lukewarm in their response to the movement.
iii. Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts of compromise between Congress and Muslim league.
iv. In 1930, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at 2nd round table conference by demanding separate electorate for Dalits.
v. There was a contrast between the demands of industrialist and working class, also in rich and poor peasants. Thus united struggle was not there.
35. “Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement”. Examine the statement.
i. The abstract concept of ‘Swaraj did not move the nation’s ‘untouchables’, who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed.
ii. The Congress had ignored the dalits, for the fear of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high caste Hindus.
iii. Gandhiji persuaded upper castes to change their heart. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi. He called the untouchables, Harijans, organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks and schools.
36. Mention the efforts of Gandhiji to get Harijans their rights.
Ans. The efforts of Gandhiji for Harijans were
i. Gandhiji organised Satyagraha to secure the entry of the untouchables into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
ii. Gandhi himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers) and persuaded the upper caste to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.
iii. Gandhiji signed Poona Pact (September 1932) with Dr Ambedkar. It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
37. Explain the role of Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits or the depressed classes.
i. Dr BR Ambedkar in 1930, organised the Depressed Classes Association to uplift the dalits.
ii. He demanded separate electorates for Dalits and reservation of seats in educational institutions for them.
iii. He signed the Poona Pact that gave reserved seats to the depressed classes or Dalits in provincial and Central Legislative Councils.
38. State the significance of Poona Pact of 1932.
i. It gave the Depressed Classes (SC) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
ii. They were to be voted in by the general electorate.
iii. The act came into force due to Gandhiji’s fast unto death and Ambedkar ultimately accepting Gandhiji’s stand.
39. Some of the Muslim political organization in India, were lukewarm in their response to the ‘Civil Disobedient Movement’.” Examine the statement.
Ans. Muslim response was lukewarm to the Civil Disobedience Movement as a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
i. After decline of non-cooperation amd Khilafat movement, muslims felt alienated from Congress.
ii. Congress openly associated with Hindu Mahasabha.
iii. The relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened and resulted in communal riot and violence.
iv. Negotiations between Muslim league and Congress failed over the issue of separate electorate.
v. Distrust between Hindus and Muslims started, as Muslim feared that their culture and identity would be dominated by Hindu majority.
The sense of collective belonging
40. How did people belonging to different communities, religions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging?
Ans.
i. By identifying nation through the symbol of Bharat Mata created a sense of national belonging in the hearts of Indians.
ii. The hymn 'Vande Mataram' written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay turned as a tribute to the motherland.
iii. The Nationalists developed a sense of collective belonging amongst the people by reminding the people about their rich culture and history of our country.
iv. A tricolor flag was designed during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
v. Icons, folklore and songs helped in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
41. Describe the cultural process through which nationalism captured people's imagination.
i. There were variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination. These were history, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints and symbols which played a part in the making of nationalism.
ii. The image of Bharat Mata helped to create an image in which people can identify the nation. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.
iii. These cultural processes help in spread of nationalism as people began to believe that they all are part of the same nation and discover a sense of collective belongingness.
42. Explain how icons and symbols instil the spirit of nationalism and patriotism amongst the people of India?
Ans. Icons and symbols unite the people and generated the spirit of nationalism.
SWADESHI FLAG
i. During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (green, yellow and red) was designed.
ii. It had eight lotuses depicting eight provinces of British India and a cresent moon and sun which represents hindu and muslim community.
SWARAJ FLAG
i.
Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag in 1921- a
tricolour (red, green and white) with a spinning wheel in the centre.
iii. It represents the Gandhian Ideals of Self-help and symbolises defiance of British rule.
43. Explain how did the image of Bharat Mata generate the spirit of Nationalism.
i.
Image of Bharat Mata identified the nation and generated the spirit of nationalism.
ii. This image was first created and popularized by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and later painted by Abanindranath Tagore.
iii. It portrays ascetic figure that represents calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
iv. It dispensed learning, food, clothing and one's own nationalism.
44. How reinterpretation of history created a sense of collective belongingness among different community of India?
Ans. By the end of the 19th century, many Indians felt that people should take pride in their glorious past and started re-interpreting history.
i. History reminds us our past glory. It not only generates the spirit of nationalism but also glorify one's pride and respect.
ii. India has contributed to the world in the filed o f mathematics and science, in art and architecture, religion and philosophy, culture and law. Trade with other countries flourished during ancient times.
iv. Revival of this glorious tradition and its reinterpretation proved that Indians are capable of governing themselves and also very civilised culture.
iii. These nationalist histories encouraged the readers to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions (cultural and economic decline) of life under the British rule.
45. “Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore” Explain.
OR Explain how did the revival of Indian folklore in 19th century generate the spirit of nationalism among Indians?
i.
In late 19th century, nationalists started recording folk songs and tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
ii. They generated the spirit of nationalism, glorious tradition and one's pride.
iii.
In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began
collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths to revive folk culture and started folk movement.
iv. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India”.
v. These folklore represent as national literature, thought and characteristics of people.
Conclusion
This set of questions is based on class 10 term-II exam.
Presented by Students of X-D, DAV Dera
Guided by – Sashikanta Rout Sir (History Teacher)
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